Hebrew Grammar as Potential Corrosive Tool of Modernity: The Case of Spinoza’s Unfinished Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae
Keywords:
Spinoza; , modern biblical criticism, Hebrew grammar, modernity, biblical hermeneuticsAbstract
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was an important early modern thinker. Spinoza came from the Sephardic Jewish community in Amsterdam. After his ban from the Jewish community Spinoza emerged as a towering figure in the Radical Enlightenment. His famous work in political philosophy, Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), was instrumental in the development of modern biblical criticism. Among his least known works, however, was Spinoza’s incomplete Hebrew grammar. Spinoza intended his Hebrew grammar, Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae, as a practical guide to help his friends learn the Hebrew language so that they could better understand the Bible in Hebrew. This article argues, however, that Spinoza had another intention for this grammar. Spinoza’s grammar was more than just a guide to learning the Hebrew language. Spinoza intended his grammar to be another corrosive tool of modernity, another means of destabilizing trust in the Bible by highlighting what he understood to be the corrupt nature of the Hebrew language and the inescapable impossibility of sufficiently learning the original Hebrew of biblical times, which he maintained was a necessary first step in understanding the Bible. His Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae was thus intended as another tool to foster skepticism of the Bible and of traditions of Jewish and Christian biblical interpretation.
Keywords: Spinoza; modern biblical criticism; Hebrew grammar; modernity; biblical hermeneutics.
Published in: European Hebrew Journal, Volume 1, Issue 2 (2026)
Article Type: Research Article
Peer Review: Double-Blind Peer Review
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Veltri, University of Hamburg, Germany
Received: 30 June 2026 | Accepted: 15 August 2026 | Published: 17 August 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.67469/EHJ2026.1.2.7
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1135-5996
Corresponding author: Jeffrey L. Morrow | jmorrow@franciscan.edu
Pages: 153–174
References
Aranoff, Deena. “Elijah Levita: A Jewish Hebraist.” Jewish History 23, no. 1 (2009): 17-40.
Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford University Press,
2003.
___. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Auvray, Paul. “Richard Simon et Spinoza.” In Religion, érudition et critique à la fin du XVIIe
siècle et au début du XVIIIe, ed. Baudouin de Gaiffer, Bruno Neveu, René Voeltzel,
Elisabeth Labrousse, et al., 201-214. Presses universitaires de France, 1968.
Baumgarten, Jean. “De quelques possibles sources juives du Compendium de Spinoza.” In
Spinoza, Philosophe Grammarien. Le Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae, ed.
Jean Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach, and Pina Totaro, 127-157. CNRS Éditions, 2019.
Baumgarten, Jean, Irène Rosier-Catach, and Pina Totaro. “Spinoza, grammaire et philosophie. Le
Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae.” In Spinoza, Philosophe Grammarien. Le
Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae, ed. Jean Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach,
and Pina Totaro, 7-15. CNRS Éditions, 2019.
Bergsma, John S. and Jeffrey L. Morrow. Murmuring Against Moses: The Contentious History
and Contested Future of Pentateuchal Studies. Emmaus Academic, 2023.
Bernier, Jean. La critique du Pentateuque de Hobbes à Calmet. Honoré Champion, 2010.
Bonfrerio, Iacobo [Jacques Bonfrère]. Pentateuchos Moysis commentario illustratus; praemissis,
quae ad totius Scripturae intelligentiam manuducant, praeloquiis pertuilibus. Antwerp: Ex
Officina Plantiniana, apud Balthasarem Moretum, et viduam Ioannis Moreti, et Io.
Meursium, 1625.
102 Yirmiyahu Yovel Spinoza and Other Heretics II: The Adventures of Immanence (Princeton University
Press, 1989), 11.
103 I owe tremendous thanks to Ryan Cataldo for helping me acquire several of the sources I used in this
article.
European Hebrew Journal | Vol. 1, No. 2 (2026)
Burnett, Stephen G. Christian Hebraism in the Reformation Era (1500-1660): Authors, Books, and
the Transmission of Jewish Learning. Brill, 2012.
___. From Christian Hebraism to Jewish Studies: Johannes Buxtorf (1564-1629) and Hebrew
Learning in the Seventeenth Century. Brill, 1996.
Buxtorfi, Johannis [Johannes Buxtorf], ed. Biblia Sacra Hebraica & Chaldaica cum Masora, quae
critica Hebraeorum sacra est, magna & parva: ac selectissimis Hebraeorum interpretum
comentariis Rabbi Salomonis Jarchi, R. Abrahami Aben Esrae, R. Davidis Kimchi, R. Levi
Gerson, R. Saadie Gaon, R. Jeschajae, & Notis ex authore, quem Baal Turim vocant,
collectis, quibus textus Grammaticè & historicè illustrator. Basileae: Ludovici König,
1620.
___. Thesaurus grammaticus linguae sanctae hebraeae duobus libris methodicè propositus
quorum prior vocum singularum naturam & proprietates, alter vocum conjunctarum
rationem & elegantiam universam, accuratissimè explicat. Bale: Conradi Waldkirchi,
1609.
___. Tiberias sive Commentarius Masorethicus triplex historicus, didacticus, criticus, ad
illustrationem operis biblici Basiliensis conscriptus, quo primum historia Masoretharum
Tiberiensium, sive à quibus Masora conscriptasit, excutitur: quid item tractet, quae ejus
methodus, & quo sine inventa sit, amplè explicatur: secundò clavis Masorae traditur, per
quam ad maxima & minima Masorae penitùs cognoscenda, facillimus datur aditus. Tertio
castigationes innumerum mendorum per universam Masoram propuntur. Basileae: Joh.
Jacobi Deckeri, 1665.
Campanini, Saverio. “Le Peculium Abrae d’Abraham de Balmes et la question des sources du
Compendium.” In Spinoza, philosophe grammairien. Le Compendium grammatices
linguae hebraeae, ed. Jean Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach, and Pina Totaro, 105-126.
CNRS Éditions, 2019.
Cassuto, Philippe. Spinoza hébraïssant. L’hébreu dans le “Tractatus theologico-politicus” et le
“Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae”. Peeters, 1999.
Cavanaugh, William T. “‘A Fire Strong Enough to Consume the House:’ The Wars of Religion and
the Rise of the State.” Modern Theology 11, no. 4 (1995): 397-420.
___. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. Oxford
University Press, 2009.
Coudert, Allison and Jeffrey Shoulson, ed. Hebraica Veritas?: Christian Hebraists and the Study
of Judaism in Early Modern Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
de Balmís, Abraham [Abraham de Balmes]. Peculium Abrae: Grammatica hebraea una cum latino
[Miqneh Avram]. Venice: Danielis Bombergi, 1523.
de Mordechai Vaz Dias, Abraham and Willem Gerard van der Tak. “Spinoza Merchant and
Autodidact: Charters and Other Authentic Documents Relating to the Philosopher’s Youth
and His Relations.” Studia Rosenthaliana 16 (1982): 103-171.
Dungan, David Laird. A History of the Synoptic Problem: The Canon, the Text, the Composition,
and the Interpretation of the Gospels. Yale University Press, 1999.
Frampton, Travis L. Spinoza and the Rise of Historical Criticism of the Bible. T&T Clark, 2006.
Freudenthal, J., ed. Die Lebensgeschichte Spinoza’s: In Quellenschriften, Urkunden und
nichtamtlichen Nachrichten. Veit, 1899.
Gibert, Pierre. L’invention critique de la Bible XVe – XVIIIe siècle. Gallimard, 2010.
Gillespie, Michael Allen. The Theological Origins of Modernity. University of Chicago Press,
2008.
European Hebrew Journal | Vol. 1, No. 2 (2026)
González Diéguez, Guadalupe. Introducción to Compendio de gramática de la lengua hebrea, by
Baruj Spinoza, trans. Guadalupe González Diéguez, 7-54. Trotta, 2005.
___. “Spinoza and the Grammar of the Hebrew Language.” In A Companion to Spinoza, ed.
Yitzhak Y. Melamed, 483-491. Wiley Blackwell, 2021.
Grafton, Anthony. “Christian Hebraism and the Rediscovery of Hellenistic Judaism.” In Jewish
Culture in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of David B. Ruderman, ed. Richard I.
Cohen, Natalie B. Dohrmann, Adam Shear, and Elchanan Reiner, 169-180. Hebrew Union
College and University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014.
___. “Spinoza’s Hermeneutics: Some Heretical Thoughts.” In Scriptural Authority and Biblical
Criticism in the Dutch Golden Age: God’s Word Questioned, ed. Dirk Van Miert, Henk
Nellen, Piet Steenbakkers, and Jetze Touber, 177-196. Oxford University Press, 2017.
Grafton, Anthony and Joanna Weinberg. Johann Buxtorf, Impresario of Hebrew and Jewish Books.
Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2025.
Gregory, Brad S. The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society.
Harvard University Press, 2012.
Hahn, Scott W. and Benjamin Wiker. Politicizing the Bible: The Roots of Historical Criticism and
the Secularization of Scripture 1300-1700. Crossroad, 2013.
Hahn, Scott W. and Jeffrey L. Morrow. Modern Biblical Criticism as a Tool of Statecraft (1700
1900). Emmaus Academic, 2020.
Israel, Jonathan I. Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man
1670–1752. Oxford University Press, 2006.
___. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750. Oxford
University Press, 2001.
___. Spinoza, Life and Legacy. Oxford University Press, 2023.
Jones, Andrew Willard. Before Church and State: A Study of Social Order in the Sacramental
Kingdom of St. Louis IX. Emmaus Academic, 2017.
Kessler-Mesguish, Sophie. “L’hébreu chez les hébraïsants chrétiens des XVIe et XVIIe siècles.”
Histoire Épistémologie, Langage 18, no. 1 (1996): 87-108.
Kimhi, David [David Qimḥi]. Liber Michlol grammatices linguae sanctae. Paris: Collegio
Italorum, 1540.
___. Sefer Mikhlol. Venice: Daniel Bomberg, 1545 (in Hebrew).
Klijnsmit, Anthony J. “Amsterdam Sephardim and Hebrew Grammar in the Seventeenth Century.”
Studia Rosenthaliana 22, no. 2 (1988): 144-164.
___. “Spinoza and the Grammarians of the Bible.” in The History of Linguistics in the Low
Countries, ed. Jan Noordegraaf, Kees Versteegh, E.F.K. Koerner, 155-200. John Benjamins
Publishing Co., 1992.
___. “Vossius, Spinoza, Schultens: The Application of Analogia in Hebrew Grammar.” Helmántica
51 (2000): 139-166.
Kogel, Judith. “Spinoza, lecteur de David Qimḥi?” In Spinoza, philosophe grammairien. Le
Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae, ed. Jean Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach,
and Pina Totaro, 91-103. CNRS Éditions, 2019.
La Peyrère, Issac. Praeadamitae – Systema theologicum (1655). Ed. Herbert Jaumann and
Reimund B. Sdzuj. Frommann-Holzboog, 2019.
Legaspi, Michael C. The Death of Scripture and the Rise of Biblical Studies. Oxford University
Press, 2010).
European Hebrew Journal | Vol. 1, No. 2 (2026)
___. “From Thomasius to Semler: History, Civil Philosophy, and Theology in the German
Enlightenment.” In Theology, History, and the Modern German University, ed. Kevin M.
Vander Schel and Michael P. DeJonge, 11-26. Mohr Siebeck, 2021.
Lehner, Ulrich L. The Catholic Enlightenment: The Forgotten History of a Global Movement.
Oxford University Press, 2016.
Lemler, David. “Abraham Ibn Ezra et Moïse Maïmonide cités par Spinoza ou l’impossibilité d’une
philosophie juive.” Revue des études juives 168 (2009): 415-464.
___. “L’Abrégé de grammaire de Spinoza ou le paradoxe de la «langue du nom».” In Spinoza,
Philosophe Grammarien. Le Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae, ed. Jean
Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach, and Pina Totaro, 207-222. CNRS Éditions, 2019.
L’Empereur, Constantinum [Constantijn L’Empereur]. Clavis Talmudica. Complectens formulas,
loca dialectica & rhetorica priscorum Judaeorum. Leiden: ex Officina Elseviriorum, 1634.
Levenson, Jon D. The Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament, and Historical Criticism: Jews and
Christians in Biblical Studies. Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993.
Levita, Elia. Grammatica Hebraea Eliae Levitae Germani, per Sabastianum Munsterum uersa &
iam ultima manuscholijs illustrata. Index copiosus iam recens adiectus. Item Institutio
elementalis in eandem linguam, ex Eliae uarijs libellis concinnat, iam denuo plurimum
aucta. Quibus omnibus & tabula coniugationum pulchre explicata accessit. Froben, 1537.
Licata, Giovanni. “La Nature de la langue hébraïque chez Spinoza.” In Spinoza, Philosophe
Grammarien. Le Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae, ed. Jean Baumgarten, Irène
Rosier-Catach, and Pina Totaro, 47-62. CNRS Éditions, 2019.
Lorberbaum, Menachem. “Spinoza’s Theological-Political Problem.” In Political Hebraism:
Judaic Sources in Early Modern Political Thought, ed. Gordon Schochet, Fania Oz
Salzberger, and Meirav Jones, 167-188. Shalem Press, 2008.
Malcolm, Noel. Aspects of Hobbes. Clarendon Press, 2002.
Masio, Andrea [Andreas Masius]. Iosuae imperatoris historia illustrata atque explicata. Antwerp:
Ex Officinia Christophori Plantini, 1574.
Masuzawa, Tomoko. The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was
Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Milbank, John. Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason. 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2006
(1990).
Mirri, F. Saverio. Richard Simon e il metodo storico-critico di B. Spinoza. Storia di un libro e di
una polemica sulla sfondo delle lotte politico-religiose della Francia di Luigi XIV. Felice
Le Monnier, 1972.
Morrow, Jeffrey L. “French Apocalyptic Messianism: Isaac La Peyrère and Political Biblical
Criticism in the Seventeenth Century.” Toronto Journal of Theology 27, no. 2 (2011): 203
213.
___. “Methods of Interpreting Scripture and Nature: The Influence of the Baconian Method on
Spinoza’s Biblical Criticism.” In Studies in the History of Exegesis, ed. Mark W. Elliott,
Raleigh C. Heth, and Angela Zautcke, 157-173. Mohr Siebeck, 2022.
___. Pretensions of Objectivity: Toward a Criticism of Biblical Criticism. Pickwick, 2019.
___. “Religion and the Secular State: Loisy’s Use of ‘Religion’ Prior to His Excommunication.”
In Constructing Nineteenth-Century Religion: Literary, Historical, and Religious Studies
in Dialogue, ed. Joshua King and Winter Jade Werner, 25-45. Ohio State University Press,
2019.
European Hebrew Journal | Vol. 1, No. 2 (2026)
___. “Secularization, Objectivity, and Enlightenment Scholarship: The Theological and Political
Origins of Modern Biblical Studies.” Logos 18, no. 1 (2015): 14-32.
___. “Spinoza and the Theo-Political Implications of his Freedom to Philosophize.” New
Blackfriars 99 (2018): 374-387.
___. Theology, Politics, and Exegesis: Essays on the History of Modern Biblical Criticism.
Pickwick, 2017.
___. Three Skeptics and the Bible: La Peyrère, Hobbes, Spinoza, and the Reception of Modern
Biblical Criticism. Pickwick, 2016.
Nadler, Steven. A Book Forged in Hell: Spinoza’s Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular
Age. Princeton University Press, 2011.
___. Menasseh ben Israel: Rabbi of Amsterdam. Yale University Press, 2018.
Nelson, Eric. The Hebrew Republic: Jewish Sources and the Transformation of European Political
Thought. Harvard University Press, 2010.
Offenberg, Adri. “A Mid-Seventeenth-Century Manuscript of the (Unpublished) Hebrew
Grammars of Menasseh ben Israel and Isaac Aboab da Fonseca Recovered.” Zutot 4
(2003): 98-107.
___. “Spinoza’s Library: The Story of a Reconstruction.” Quaerendo 3, no. 4 (1973): 309-321.
Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. “The Science of Language among Medieval Jews.” In Science in
Medieval Jewish Cultures, ed. Gad Freudenthal, 359-424. Cambridge University Press,
2011.
Pécharman, Martine. “Loin de Port-Royal: Le statut linguistique de l’hébreu dans le Compendium
grammatices linguae hebraeae de Spinoza.” In Spinoza, Philosophe Grammarien. Le
Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae, ed. Jean Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach,
and Pina Totaro, 223-272. CNRS Éditions, 2019.
Pererii, Benedicti [Benedict Pereira]. Commentariorum in Danielem prophetam. Lyon: ex Officina
Iuntarum, 1588.
Proietti, Omero. “Emendazioni alla Grammatica Ebraica Spinoziana.” Rivista di Storia della
Filosofia 65, no. 1 (2010): 25-56.
___. “Johannes Buxtorf, Spinoza e la sintassi dell’ebraico.” Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e
Filosofia dell’Università di Macerata 42-43 (2009-2010): 33-55.
___. “Il «Satyricon» di Petronio e la datazione della «Grammatica ebraica» spinoziana.” Studia
Spinozana 5 (1989): 253-274.
Rozenberg, Jacques J. “Spinoza’s Compendium: Between Hebrew and Latin Grammars of the
Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Verbs versus Nouns.” International Philosophical
Quarterly 64, no. 4 (2024): 339-367.
___. “Spinoza and his Relationship to the Hermeneutics of R. Abraham Ibn Ezra: The Super
Commentaries and the Semantics of Narrative.” Hermeneia 33 (2024): 37-73.
Santiago, Homero. “O Compêndio de Gramática Hebraica de Espinosa é uma obra more
geometrico demonstrate?” Trans/Form/Ação 36, no. 2 (2013): 23-44.
Schochet, Gordon, Fania Oz-Salzberger, and Meirav Jones, ed. Political Hebraism: Judaic Sources
in Early Modern Political Thought. Shalem Press, 2008.
Sheehan, Jonathan. The Enlightenment Bible: Translation, Scholarship, Culture. Princeton
University Press, 2005.
Simon, Richard. Histoire critique du Vieux Testament suivi de Lettre sur l’inspiration. Ed. Pierre
Gibert. Bayard, 2008.
European Hebrew Journal | Vol. 1, No. 2 (2026)
Spinoza. The Collected Works of Spinoza Volume II. Ed. and trans. Edwin Curley. Princeton
University Press, 2016.
___. Compendio de gramática de la lengua hebrea. Trans. Guadalupe González Diéguez. Trotta,
2005.
___. Compendio di Grammatica della Lingua Ebraica. Trans. Massimo Gargiulo. Leo S. Olschki
Editore, 2025 (2013).
___. Complete Works, ed. Michael L. Morgan, trans. Samuel Shirley. Hacket, 2002.
___. Œuvres III: Tractatus Theologico-Politicus/Traité théologico-politique, 2nd ed. Ed. Pierre
François Moreau. Text established by Fokke Akkerman. Trans. and notes by Jacqueline
Lagrée and Pierre-François Moreau. Presses Universitaires de France, 2012.
___. Opera I, ed. Carl Gebhardt. Carl Winters, 1925.
___. Theological-Political Treatise. Ed. Jonathan Israel. Trans. Michael Silverthorne and Jonathan
Israel. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Stracenski, Inja. “Spinoza’s Compendium of the Grammar of the Hebrew Language.” Parrhesia
32 (2020): 122-144.
Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Harvard University Press, 2007.
Tostati Hispani, Alphonsi [Alfonso Tostado de Madrigal]. Opera omnia, quotquot in Scripturae
sacrae expositionem & alia, adhuc extare inuenta sunt. Commentaria in Deuteronomium
mendis nunc sanè quàm plurimis diligenter expurgate. Cum Indice copiosissimo. Venice:
apud Io. Baptistam & Io. Bernardum Sessam, fratres, 1596.
Totaro, Pina. “Le Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae dans le contexte des oeuvres de
Spinoza.” In Spinoza, Philosophe Grammarien. Le Compendium grammatices linguae
hebraeae, ed. Jean Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach, and Pina Totaro, 63-89. CNRS
Éditions, 2019.
___. “Introduzione. Spinoza, il Tractatus theologico-politicus e il Compendium grammatices
linguae Hebraeae.” In Compendio di Grammatica della Lingua Ebraica, by Baruch
Spinoza, trans. Massimo Gargiulo, 1-32. Leo S. Olschki Editore, 2025 (2013).
Touber, Jetze. Spinoza and Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1660-1710. Oxford
University Press, 2018.
Tremellio, Immanuele [Immanuel Tremellius]. Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. Testamentum Novum. ,Est autem interpretatio Syriaca Novi Testamenti, Hebraeis typis descripta .דיתיקא חדת
א
plerisque etiam locis emendate. Eadem Latino sermone reddita. Henr. Stephanus, 1569.
Van Rooijen, A. J. Servaas. Inventaire des livres formant la bibliothèque de Bénédict Spinoza.
Publié d’après un document inédit, avec des notes bibliographiques et une introduction.
Tengeler and Monnerat, 1888.
Visi, Tomás. “The Early Ibn Ezra Supercommentaries: A Chapter in Medieval Jewish Intellectual
History.” Ph.D. diss., Central European University, 2006.
___. “Ibn Ezra, a Maimonidean Authority: The Evidence of the Early Ibn Ezra
Supercommentaries.” In The Cultures of Maimonideanism: New Approaches to the History
of Jewish Thought, ed. James T. Robinson, 89-132. Brill, 2009.
Weil, Gérard E. Élie Lévita. Humaniste et massorète (1469-1549). Brill, 1963.
Wilkinson, Robert J. “Immanuel Tremellius’ 1569 Edition of the Syriac New Testament.” Journal
of Ecclesiastical History 58, no. 1 (2007): 9-25.
Wolf, A., ed. The Oldest Biography of Spinoza. George Allen & Unwin, 1927.
Yovel, Yirmiyahu. Spinoza and Other Heretics II: The Adventures of Immanence. Princeton
University Press, 1989.
European Hebrew Journal | Vol. 1, No. 2 (2026)
Zwiep, Irene. “Ceci n’est pas une grammaire: Le Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae de
Spinoza.” In Spinoza, Philosophe Grammarien. Le Compendium grammatices linguae
hebraeae, ed. Jean Baumgarten, Irène Rosier-Catach, and Pina Totaro, 161-184. CNRS
Éditions, 2019.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeffrey Morrow (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the European Hebrew Journal (EHJ) the right of first publication.
All articles published in EHJ are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
EHJ supports immediate open access to published research and does not charge submission fees or Article Processing Charges (APCs).
*Authors retain copyright of their work and grant EHJ the right of first publication. Articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
